Physiological Effects of Pressure on Man and Cetaceans

Physiological Effects of Pressure on Man and Cetaceans Air and water are always exerting pressure on every object or organism on Earth. Pressure is the force or weight exerted on an object per unit area in order to move it (Anderson, 2011). It is measured in bar or atmosphere (ata as an abbreviation) and changes depending on the place on Earth affecting organisms in different ways.   Ã‚   Despite that all three groups within this study belong to the class Mammalia, they all evolved in different ways adapting them to their environment. Being cetaceans the group who is entirely aquatic including whales, dolphins and porpoises (The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica and G. Mead, 2014). Pinnipeds are the group of fin-footed mammals who spend most of their time in the water, however, coming to shore to rest or mate and it includes seals, sea lions and walrus (NOAA, 2014). Therefore, it is aimed to analyse and compare the effects of pressure in humans, cetaceans and pinnipeds as well as comparing possible adaptions of each one. At sea level, despite being imperceptible any object or being is subject to the pressure exerted by the air defined as one bar/ata. When going underwater to the pressure exerted by the water the pressure of air at sea level has to be added. When the altitude drops every 10 meters below sea level the pressure increases by 1 bar/ata plus the one at the surface (PADI, 1996). Resulting in 2 bar/ata and so the pressure underwater can change as demonstrated in figure 1. Figure 1. The relation between Depth and Pressure. (PADI, 1996) However, if the dive is made in a submarine to a depth of 120m/396 feet the crew inside will still be subject to 1 bar of the pressure of the air and the submarine would be the one subjected to the pressure of 24bar/ata from the water and air combined (Martin, 1997). Gas Exchanges All mammals have a bidirectional respiratory system that isnt prepared for living permanently underwater like fish are. In a respiratory system like this, gas exchanges occur by using the same airways. They start to inhale oxygen (O2) at the surface before diving and at some point, all must return to release carbon dioxide (CO2) and inhale again (Martin, 1997). The exchange itself occurs in the alveoli within the lungs, being the O2 transported to different parts of the body by the circulatory system and the CO2 expelled back through the nose or mouth in humans and pinnipeds and through the blowhole in cetaceans according to WhaleFacts.org and NOAA. Cetaceans and pinnipeds being well adapted to a marine life they can hold longer underwater between dives comparing to humans who need scuba gear to dive deeper and for longer. At first, could be assumed that in the case of cetaceans the reason for longer dive time or deeper dives is lung size. However, according to Whale and Dolphin Conservation (WDC) comparing whale average body and lung size to the one of a human, a whales lungs take 4% less space in their bodies than a humans. Therefore, the key isnt in the lungs but in the blood and haemoglobin concertation which in a whales is 30% higher than in a human. This helps the whale to storage more O2 in their bloodstream and muscle tissues instead of inside their lungs and this way avoid depth related complications. And the same can be verified in some deep diver pinnipeds (Kooyman and Ponganis, 1998).   The effects of pressure on body cavities As these three groups belong the Class Mammalia they all share three main body cavities which are normally filled with air, ears, sinuses and lungs. With air being a gas it changes volume along with pressure changes, so when pressure increases air get compressed and tends to decrease in volume. On one hand in humans this results in feeling an unconformable squeeze in the ear sinus and mask when using scuba gear. If these areas arent regularly equalised by adding air to them during a dive can end up in an eardrum rupture or a large headache (PADI, 1996). On the other hand, in cetaceans, evolutionary adaptations occurred within the hearing mechanism and sinus to be suited for water-borne sounds. Adaptations such as the fusion of the middle and inner ear capsules allowed cetaceans to better interpret sounds underwater however without being able to do the same to air-borne sounds (Au, Fay, and Popper, 2000). Similarly, to humans hearing pinnipeds ears more adapted to interpret air-borne sounds as most of the communication between individuals occurs above water. Although they do hear sufficiently well underwater (Riedman, 1990). Finally, the lungs commonly to all three groups the main rule is not holding your breath completely while diving. During ascends as pressure decreases air volume increases and not realising it can cause lung rupture (PADI, 1996).   Among other major depth related consequences are barotrauma, decompression sickness or the bends and nitrogen narcosis. Decompression Sickness (DCS) While underwater the organism accumulates nitrogen and due to not being used, it must be expelled which normally happens with each exhalation. If the amount of excess nitrogen is too high when ascending the nitrogen leaving the tissue, forms large bubbles that can cause symptoms from dizziness, tingling and numbness to in severe cases unconsciousness and death. It is commonly called by divers as the bends due to the nitrogen bubbles being trapped in the joint open area and not allowing them to bend their joints without pain. With a wide range of noticeable signs and varying from mild to moderate it is difficult to diagnose DCS in humans. In the case of cetaceans despite study made by Jepson et al. showing a lot of individuals with bubble lesions, it cannot be assumed that all cetaceans mass stranding are related to severe cases of DCS when actually it was not possible to determine the origin of those bubbles. Nitrogen Narcosis This symptom is a result of a direct toxic effect of high nitrogen pressure in the body and it is similar to being under the effect of alcohol. May affect human divers at different depths but once it starts only gets worse has the depth increases and can be deadly as divers under this effect will commit dangerous actions while diving (Martin, 1997). It can also be associated with cases of DCS as it usually happens before DCS.   Regardless of being completely aquatic, semi-aquatic or terrestrial, all three groups may suffer from the effects of pressure like DCS and nitrogen narcosis. Being completely terrestrial humans are the most affected ones. Cetaceans are the most adapted group to life underwater, however, it is not safe to assume yet that this means that they are less affected or even immune to DCS nitrogen narcosis as the origin of the bubbles, that at first would be characteristic of DCS, was not determined by Jepson et al. studies. Nonetheless it is possible to say both cetaceans and pinnipeds retrieve and storage oxygen a lot more efficiently than human beings thus more efficiently avoiding DCS (Kooyman and Ponganis, 1998). Text: Anderson, M. (2011) The Physics of Scuba Diving. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9781908062512 (Accessed: 19 February 2017). Au, W.W.L., Fay, R.R. and Popper, A.N. (2000) Hearing by whales and dolphins. (12 Vols). New York, NY: Springer New York. Chapter 2 Martin, L. (1997) Scuba diving explained: Questions and answers on physiology and medical aspects of scuba diving. Flagstaff, AZ: Best Publishing Company. PADI (1996) PADI open water diver manual. Santa Ana, CA: Atlantic Books. Ponganis, P.J. (2015) Diving physiology of marine mammals and Seabirds. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2014) Whats the difference between seals and sea lions? Available at: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seal-sealion.html (Accessed: 24 February 2017). Riedman, M. (1990) The pinnipeds: Seals, sea lions, and walruses. Berkeley: University of California Press. Whale and Dolphin Conservation (WDC) (no date) How do whales breathe? Available at: http://uk.whales.org/blog/2012/10/how-do-whales-breathe (Accessed: 24 February 2017). WhaleFacts.org (ed.) (2017) Whale Anatomy. Available at: http://www.whalefacts.org/whale-anatomy/ (Accessed: 24 February 2017). Images:   Ã‚   Figure 1: PADI (1996) PADI open water diver manual. Santa Ana, CA: Atlantic Books.

Pocahontas :: essays research papers

Who really was Pocahontas? Was she like the Indian girl in the Disney movie, who saved her reservation? Yes and no. She was an Indian of the Algonquian Indians. Her father was Powhatan, the chief. Her original name, however was in fact, Matoaka. But Pocahontas mean â€Å"playful, frolicsome little girl† and so they nicknamed her that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The meeting and capturing of her acquaintance, and possible first love, John Smith, was in fact true. But, the saving of him may be as made up and make believe as the movie. Many people speculate the authenticity of the â€Å"execution and salvation† story, told by Smith. Supposedly, Smith’s Englishmen team landed in Jamestown, 12 miles from the Indian reservation. John Smith was captured and forced to stretch on two flat stones, then out of nowhere, and little Indian girl cam up and put herself on his body as to say, â€Å"Kill me instead†. Weather this is true or not, it doesn’t change the rest of her story. After the â€Å"saved’ him, Smith and the Indians became friendly for the following year. Smith stayed in Jamestown, and Pocahontas visited him frequently. She carried messages from her father, and other Indians carried food, fur, and then traded hatchets and trinkets. After a while, Smith’s relationship with the Powhatas worsened. Pocahontas’s visits started to lessen, and in 1806, Smith was injured, and had to go back to England. Pocahontas went on with her life though, she married an Indian â€Å"Pryvate Captyne† named Kocoum in 1610. Although in 1614, she fell in love with an Englishman, John Rolfe. They married and she got baptized. They went to London with a man named Sir Thomas Dale, and a dozen other Indians. She was presented to King James I, and all of the royal family. John Smith, the man who she had not seen in eight years, was also in London at the time. They met, and talked about the past, but at first she couldn’t speak, she was overcome with emotion. This was their last meeting.After 6 months, Ralf and his family wanted to go back to Virginia, but unfortunately, Pocahontas didn’t make it. She was ill from pneumonia. Pocahontas affected society, she was a compassionate girl, and saw to it that the colonists got food. She was also known to have saved lives of certain colonists. John Smith wrote that Pocohontas was â€Å" the instrument to pursurve this colony from death, famine and utter confusion.

Integumentary System Case Study

Suntans and Sunburns A Case Study in the Integumentary System By WH Cliff and AW Wright A Painful Winter Break On the first day after arriving in Australia for Christmas vacation, a University of Niagara student plays out in the sun for six hours. Later that night he notices that the skin on his trunk, legs and arms becomes red, swollen and extremely painful. By morning all of the afflicted areas have developed numerous blisters. These areas cover about 30% of the trunk (front and back) and 40% of the arms and legs. 1. What organ has been damaged?  ·The Integuemtary System (skin) has been damaged. 2. What general types of tissue have been afflicted?  ·Stratified squamous epithelium in the epidermis, areolar connective tissue, and some dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis have been afllicted 3. What type of burn has the student received? Explain.  ·He has received burns in the 2nd degree which are accompanied by blisters and pain. 4. What type of radiation has caused the burn?  ·Ultraviloet radition (UVA) specifically UBA and UBV. 5. List ALL the layers of the skin that have been damaged?  ·Epidermis: stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.  ·Dermis (upper region): papillary layer . List ALL layers that have been killed?  ·None of the layers have been killed, just damaged in the second degree. 7. What tissue repair process causes the blistering?  ·Tissue regeneration which is the process in which liquid builds up between the epidermis and the dermis layer causing them to separate. 8. Why is this type of burn so painful?  ·Due to the damage of the epidermis many nerve endings in the dermis have been exposed which cause pain. A burn is considered critical and should receive prompt medical attention if: > 25% of the body is covered by 2nd degree burns or > 10% of the body is covered by 3rd degree burns 9. What percentage of the total body surface has been burned? Show your calculations!  ·(36% x 30%)= 11%  ·(36% x 40%)= 14%  ·(18% x 40%)= 7%  ·(11% + 14% + 7%)= 32%; #2% of the body’s surface has been burned. 10. Is the burn critical? Should the student seek medical attention?  ·Yes he should seek medical attention to avoid developing any infections in the lacerations, as well as to receive meds to assist with the pain. 11. List all of the body functions that may be disrupted by such a burn.  ·Integumentary  ·Nervous  ·Lymphatic  ·Muscular Recovery 12. After a few days the skin peels and the burned areas begin to heal. The student notices that the healing areas are more susceptible to injuries due to chafing or trauma. What has happened to the skin that would cause this increased susceptibility?  ·The barrier function has been altered so the skin is more susceptibile to trauma and damage. During the next week after the student returns to the States, his friend tells him that a sunburn prepares his skin for a deep tan. His friend encourages him to quickly begin tanning sessions at a local tanning salon before the effects of the burn wear off. 13. What would you advise him to do? Why? I would advise him not go and to avoid long periods of exposure to sun and other radiation devices. 14. Is a deep tan a sign of skin that is healthy or severely stressed? Explain your answer.  ·A deep tan is a sign of severely stressed skin. When skin is exposed to UV rays, cells called melaoncytes produce brown pigment melanin, which darkens skin the cells of the epidermis. The darkening of the skin cells is the skin natural defense mechanism against further damage for UV radiation. Unrepaired damage like so can lead to an increase risk of developing skin cancer and other skin problems like photoaging-wrinkles, sagging skin, and sun spots.

How The Internet Affects Us - 866 Words

How the Internet affect us? For decades, people have lived without a phone, a computer or a tablet in their hands. But, in these days, surviving without any kind of technology connected to the Internet is so difficult to overcome. Moreover, the youngest individuals are learning to live in a world completely dependent on the Internet. Moreover, it you want to learn about how to use computers and the Internet, go to ask your grandchildren to teach you. Anyone cannot imagine how to live without the Internet. Of course, this is categorized as the best development of the history.But, how does it affect the cizicents of the world? Some adults and teachers are worried about the loss of social skills, as the ability to communicate up close and personal with friends and family, as consequence of the Internet. The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link billions of devices worldwide. It carries an expensive range of information resources and services; for example, mobile apps, the inter-linked hypertext documents, applications of the World Wide Web, etc. It is used to do homework and to search websites needed to do research. Also, it connects children after shool using social networks shuch as Facebook, WhatApp, GroupMe, etc. They communicate themselves through caht rooms and emails, but also posting comments on their friends walls. Teenegars do not know hot to hold a conversation. According to aShow MoreRelatedDoes The Internet Make You Smarter Or Dumber?952 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is an excellent place to explore our mind and put our thoughts together; however, it also has a negative effect to our brains, and the more we use it the more it decrease our intelligence. In this essay â€Å"Does the Internet Make You Smarter or Dumber?† by Nicholas Carr, he argues about the immoral side of the internet. According to Carr, â€Å"When we’re constantly distracted and interrupted, as we tend to be online, our brains are unable to forge the strong and expansive neural connectionsRead MoreHow Technology Affects Our Education Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way we learn? The internet is a powerful source that has taken over our current generation. The way we do things is changing every day and technology is advancing faster than ever. We don’t think like we used to because we have no r eason to anymore, with the internet we have many ways to get by things without having to try hard or to memorize anything. The internet highly affects our brains and the power of education. The internet not only affects our brains, it also affects our education throughRead MoreDoes The Internet Make You Dumber?1002 Words   |  5 Pagesrealize how dumb we are becoming? We live in the age of technology, where there is easy access to the Internet. Nicholas Carr, the author of â€Å"Does the Internet Make you Dumber?† stated a good question that is relevant to our generation. Since we have easy access to the Internet, it is making us dumber instead of smarter. I believe individuals have taken advantage of the Internet and it is costing them their thinking skills. Sometimes individual don’t realize the impact that the internet has on ourRead MoreEssay on â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid† and â€Å"Get Smarter†1370 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing made. The Inter net is becoming more â€Å"reliable† every day. However, how much do we really get from the constant advancement of Internet use and smarter technology? Should we look at their contributions to the world as a benefactor or a curse? The common effect of â€Å"artificial intelligence† in the technology we use every day is examined by two brilliant authors, Nicholas Carr and Jamias Cascio. In Carr’s article, â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid†, he explains the effects of the Internet and technologyRead MoreThe Shallows1133 Words   |  5 Pagesunconsciously affects their lives at every moment: Is the Internet our master, or a simple tool that we control? To the optimist, this very question is a complete joke. In their eyes, how can such a sweet, innocent tool of exploring specific evidence, paying one’s bill, and social networking become our master when we, as humans, created its very existence? To the skeptics, this question HAS to be answered. To the m, it’s essential that we as a collective unit decide if the internet is controlling us so weRead MoreElectronic Devices Affect The Way We Communicate1362 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world are influenced by technologies and use it on a daily basis. It seems like they can’t let go because these electronic devices are so attached to them and it’s an addiction. Electronic devices affect the way we communicate, perceive information, and solve problems. Google changes the way how people find information and solve problems and that they are not using their brain at its full potential. With all the technological advancement, they’re affecting the younger generations the hardest,Read MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid?1347 Words   |  6 Pagessignificantly easier to live. With the invention of the Internet, education is enhanced, communication is made easier and quicker, and is the platform for greatness in the younger generation. However, an author by the name of Ni cholas Carr argues that the Internet is changing the way we think and work for the worst, in his article, â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?†. Carr suggests that as the Internet becomes our primary source of information, it begins to affect our ability to read books and other pieces of writingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Article Is Google Making Us Stupid?1409 Words   |  6 PagesENG101N-003 09 November 2015 Rhetorical Analysis Essay WHAT HAS GOOGLE DONE TO US? People are introduced to a new technological advancement almost everyday. Some of them make our lives easier; however, every good thing has a bad side. Some influential events may be causes of really adverse effects on the way of our lives. Without doubt, invention of the Internet is one of the most powerful events world-wide. Thanks to the Internet, lots of things such as communication, research, bank transactions, shoppingRead MoreRogerian Essay852 Words   |  4 Pages 1) I am writing this essay because I am a huge advocate of a free internet. The internet should not be able to be monitored by the US government or anyone else. In this essay, I plan to inform the reader on what the US is trying to do to the free internet. 2) I learned a lot by completing this assignment. Most importantly, I learned how to write a Rogerian essay. It was interesting learning about my topic, but learning how to write this essay will benefit me more in life. 3) The only difficultyRead MoreMarketing At Cloud Mobile App Development Platform Kii1374 Words   |  6 Pageshealth care. It s clear that the Internet of Things will disrupt most industries (Fallon, 2014, para. 2). Today, many of us have, at least two or more connected devices like laptops, smart phones, tablets, including other devices such as TVs, cameras, etc. Then there is a rapidly growing range of other smart appliances that can now connect via the internet, such as, a fridge, washing machine, heating control appliances, all the way to a smart home. The Internet of Things is, thus, already poised

A Righteous Day by Mudrooroo Nyroongah - 1486 Words

A Righteous Day written by Mudrooroo Nyroongah on 26TH January (Australia Day), in 1988, is a poem set in the first person voice that has been composed in response to the depressing day of the Bicentenary of European Settlement. As the righteous day is reflected by the persona, this contrasts with the White Australians celebrating a successful colonisation in high-spirited ways, because to the Aborigines it is a day of mourning as they view it as Invasion day. The poem underlines the fact that despite the hardships Aborigines have experienced as a result of White Colonisation, it would be ideal if they shifted from prisoners of society to proactive citizens of Australia who will stand tall with pride and win their internal battles†¦show more content†¦The phrase emphasizes the poets view of the importance of this day in positive means, and also the negative attributes of the day. It suggests a new beginning and their possible achievements such as the possibility of uniting t he two distinct cultures together, but negatively it also seems to be a deliberate provoke, reminding the Aborigines of their defeat, and their loss of land, culture, and identity. In line 9, the poet stresses again about his peoples need to walk tall, where ideally, each Aborigine should change their mindset to become strong and proud. It displays an image of him being equal in height with the authoritative leaders, which emphasises his pride and self-respect. It also shows that the Aborigines have found new determination and hope, which is a source of their motivation to strive for justice in the face of adversity. The poet uses a comparative image of his peoples leaders performing on stilts, with the leaders who walk on stilts and stumble, suggesting that the leaders are exposed to the risks of being disempowered politically and morally. This is because the leaders are not willing to acknowledge the fact that they have caused extreme measures of destruction to the Aboriginal race. It also suggests that the leaders are weak, as they are not really tall but are on stilts, which is a deception of height, and is an illusion of their superiority over the Aborigines. The line, as they greet me with the cries

Othello, By William Shakespeare - 918 Words

In any story, the antagonist always scheme their way into getting what they want by any means necessary. In Shakespeare’s play, Othello, Iago is a prime example of this. In fact, he is one of the greatest villains Shakespeare has ever created. Some even believe that he is the source of immorality like in other work Shakespeare has done. According to Sholokhov and Tolstoy, author Helen Muchnic states that the Vice of the morality plays who evolved into Shakepheare’s Iago. He also states that â€Å"If Iago, like Falstaff, may be considered a continuation of the Vice figure, he seems, also like Falstaff, to elude the role at every point.† But besides this, Iago is indirectly responsible for the deaths of Othello, Desdemona, and Roderigo. Every act in Othello contains an evil plot set up by Iago. It is ironic because throughout the play he is known as â€Å"Honest Iago†(II.iii.7). The readers are the only spectators that understand Iago’s true feelings. Each character believes that he is a trustworthy and noble man, but they are unaware of his thoughts and schemes. Iago is so wicked because he takes advantage of people; he lies while making himself look admirable and he is able to manipulate characters through his words and actions. A very formidable character that can easily do harm without blinking an eye. One characteristic that Iago has that makes him so bad is his ability to take advantage of innocent people. Iago is conscious that Roderigo is dimwitted andShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change to ward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifyingRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare790 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of som eones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the wordsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1825 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s plays transcends time and is renowned for their captivating plots and complex characters. Othello by William Shakespeare is a tragedy play that portrays major themes such as racism, manipulation, and jealousy just to name a few. Throughout the whole play, these themes are represented through the conniving character from the play, Iago. Out of all the plays Shakespeare has written, Iago is believed to be the most complex villain of all times. During the play, Othello, a black

Tap water Vs bottled water free essay sample

The sun rises high above the hot and humid park. My friends were having a soccer tournament that day. I was so thirsty. We had to go back to my car for more water. I had run out of water half an hour ago, and my cousins were out or running dangerously low on the potion of life. The 98-degree soccer field had absorbed the fluids from my body like a grape dehydrator to make raisins. We finally reached my car. I quickly reach for the trunk of the car reached into the cooler, and I grabbed a bottle of water. I cracked the seal, threw my head back, and gradually chugged two-third of the bottle. So refreshing I thought to my self as I began throwing bottles of water to my cousin Sara and San. I was used to drinking bottled water when I was out enjoying an event at a park. I finish the bottle and put it into a recycling trash bag. This is where the majority of the use bottles of water go after they are empty. The bottled water market went skyrocket over the last decade. We could go into any market, deli, or restaurant in America and buy a bottle of water for one variety or another. Will we always need this much-bottled water? We should not drink bottled water out of convenience, because of the economic and environmental consequences. A large amount of  bottled water is just domestic water. The tap water is then processed and bottled by the distributor. In fact, Aquafina and Dasani, which are two of the largest bottling companies and are owned by Pepsi and Coke, are merely treated domestic water. â€Å"In 2006, 44 percent of the bottled water sold in the United Sates came from domestic supplies and was labeled drinking water or purified water.† So why are we spending so much on for this tap water, which up to thousands of times the cost of average tap water, depending which brand it came from? According to Drop the Prop, â€Å"Americans spend over $15 billion each year on bottled water. World-wide the bottled water market is $50 billion, â€Å"the site says in its bottled water be statistic page (1-2). I once thought that I was paying this valuable amount for bottled water because I was getting a purer, tastier, and safer water to drink. While it may taste delicious then tap water it may not be purer or safer. The safety and purity of bottled water compared to domestic tap water raises some big questions with me as well as others. We sometimes noticed that bottled water label designs with mountain springs and glaciers on them. This is saying that the water comes from a unique source when in fact it may not. However, there are regulations preventing companies from labeling the contents spring or glacial water if it is not what are shows to be. Water from domestic water sources must be labeled as such, unless it has been treated or purified. This is one way bottled water companies mislead consumers. They take domestic water and treat it through reverse purification and in doing so they don’t have to tell us that it’s just basically filtered tap water. The FDA does not regulate bottled water that is sold in the state that produced it, but bottled water that is sold out of state is. We can imagine many smaller companies only sell their water in state. In doing so, they are only subject to state regulations, and often states do not have the manpower to appropriately regulate them. The FDA regulates some bottled water and individual states regulate some bottled water. The EPA regulates tap water and has much higher restrictions than does the FDA or state regulations on bottled water. Bottled water companies do not have to report violations to state officials or the FDA. Consumers also have yearly reports available to them on their domestic tap water. Most bottled water companies do not have to make this information available either. California is the only U.S. state that is required by state law to do so. I believe that we should have the  privileged to the information of what contaminates are in the bottled water we drink. We should be allowed to access to the information of what’s in our city’s domestic water supply so why not the same with bottled water? I know I want to know what chemicals and bacteria’s are in the water I’m drinking. Chemical such as arsenic, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and DEHP all of which are cancer causing contaminates. Bacteria’s such as coliform and giardia. These can be an indicator of fecal matter in the water supply. E. coli is one such coliform bacteria that is harmful to humans. When everybody is trying to go green and recycle his or her bottles. This brings up the question about where are all these empty water bottles going when they are empty and no longer being used? The fact is that most water bottles used in the United States are discarded and not recycled. An estimated 50 billion water bottles were drunk in the United States. So what happens to all those bottles? Some estimates say that up to 80% of those 50 billion bottles go into our landfills. Some say it’s closer to 70%. That is a lot of plastics going into our landfills. Some people say that they bottled water because it tastes better than their domestic water or that their tap water has high levels of certain contaminates in it and they don’t want it to affect their health in a negative way. Some people’s water that comes from their tap may taste bad or have harmful chemicals in it, but most of the time that can be fixed with a simple filtration system. Either by buying a water pitcher with a carbon filter in it or by buying a filter that connects to the tap. You can even buy a whole house filtration system. Both of these fixes are far cheaper and safer to the environment than buying bottled water. We can reduce our expenses by reducing or eliminating the bottled water that we buy. These days, in the struggling economy, every little bit helps. Bottled water is not really much safer than your average domestic tap water, and if taste or contaminates are an issue people should filter and bottle their own water. We as a society are starting to lean toward green, and so by cutting down bottled water and the amount of plastic we are polluting our environment with. W should not be destroying our environment just because bottled water is convenient for us to have when we are â€Å"on the go.†